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The Naturalization Act of 1906 was an act of the United States Congress signed into law by Theodore Roosevel The legislation established the federal government as the arbiter of naturalization policy. It created the Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization, which provided for the first uniform naturalization laws in the country. Prior to 1906, an alien could be naturalized in any U.S. "court of record." State-level naturalization courts managed proceedings and had varying standards across the country.〔Marian Smith, "History of the INS." N.p., n.d. Web. Accessed 29 Sept. 2013. http://www.uscitizenship.info/ins-usimmigration-insoverview.html〕 After September 26, 1906, naturalization could only be done in courts having a seal and a clerk, and exerting universal competence. ==Provisions and Effects== The Act established standardized naturalization forms, requiring, inter alia: * verification of arrival thus, * names and details of wives and children In addition, section 15 of the Act defined the power of U.S. district attorney Generally, the Basic Naturalization Act of 1906 addressed Roosevelt’s commission’s concerns, with one specific recommendation that was not specifically addressed. There was no specific form issued for the oath of allegiance, as was recommended by the commission.〔"Naturalization Oath of Allegiance to the United States of America." USCIS -. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1 a/?vgnextoid=facd6db8d7e37210VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD&vgnextchannel= dd7ffe9dd4aa3210VgnVCM100000b92ca60aRCRD〕 Another recommended provision insisted that naturalized citizens be able to speak English. The provision read: “That no alien shall hereafter be naturalized or admitted as a citizen of the United States who can not speak the English language: Provided , That this requirement shall not apply to aliens who are physically unable to comply therewith, if they are otherwise qualified to become citizens of the United States.”〔William J. Olson & Alan Woll, “An Historical Examination of the English Literacy Requirement in the Naturalization of Aliens,” One Nation Policy Paper Series, One Nation Indivisible Inc, (February, 2002): 4-5. To get this article online refer to http://www.lawandfreedom.com/site/special/English.pdf〕 Through the centralization of all naturalization and immigration records the Federal Government was able to command more control over the naturalization process. The centralization mandate produced a uniform process as well as causing the number of courts processing applications to fall throughout the country.”〔Menchaca, Martha. Naturalizing Mexican Immigrants: A Texas History. Austin: University of Texas, 2011. Print. p. 315〕 This centralization also included the dispersal of standard naturalization documents following the laws enactment. On September 27th of 1906, the United States Federal Naturalization Bureau began keeping copies of all American naturalization records.8 The naturalization certificate files would come to be known as C-Files.〔"Certificate Files, September 27, 1906 - March 31, 1956." USCIS -. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. http://www.uscis.gov/portal/site/uscis/menuitem.5af9bb95919f35e66f614176543f6d1 a/?vgnextoid=80cc499275c47310VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD&vgnextchannel=b 5f56782d3c37310VgnVCM100000082ca60aRCRD〕 Additionally, those who had acquired their citizenship on questionable legal grounds, are now subject to additional scrutiny, as a direct result of this law. Section 15 clearly outlines the powers granted to U.S. attorneys towards prosecuting these cases, with language giving a considerable amount of the burden of proof to defendants.〔http://207.67.203.70/ELIBSQL17_U95007_Documents/Naturalization%20Laws%20 and%20Regulations/NatLR%201934.pdf〕 This provision was quite encompassing, thus promoting a number of prosecutions on the basis of fraudulent naturalization procedures. The case of Luria vs. United States challenges this provision, but it is deemed constitutional.〔"Luria v. United States - 231 U.S. 9 (1913)." Justia US Supreme Court Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/231/9/case.html〕 Particularly, significant about this legislation is that it clearly asserts greater Federal jurisdiction over the naturalization process in America. If the existence of the act, on its own, does not elicit that impression, then Section 11’s assertion that the United States can appear “before any court” as it relates to Naturalization proceedings makes it more explicit.〔http://207.67.203.70/ELIBSQL17_U95007_Documents/Naturalization%20Laws%20 and%20Regulations/NatLR%201934.pdf〕 This provision does not technically strip the states of any jurisdiction, but it specifically asserts that the Federal Government holds the ultimate powers relating to naturalization, under the law. Another case that was directly affected by this legislation was ''Takao Ozawa v. United States''. Part of the justification for the courts decision to not allow Ozawa’s attainment of citizenship was that, traditionally, only white persons were allowed citizenship. The Naturalization Act of 1906 does not specifically address the addition of any groups that may wish to attain American citizenship. The opinion specifically states: “In all of the naturalization acts from 1790 to 1906 the privilege of naturalization was confined to white persons (U.S. 178, 193 ) (with the addition in 1870 of those of African nativity and descent), although the exact wording of the various statutes was not always the same. If Congress in 1906 desired to alter a rule so well and so long established it may be assumed that its purpose would have been definitely disclosed and its legislation to that end put in unmistakable terms.”〔"FindLaw | Cases and Codes." FindLaw | Cases and Codes. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=260&invol=178〕 The decision goes on to deny that the common population could construe Ozawa, a man of Japanese descent, as white (thus, making him ineligible under section 2169 of the Revised Statutes of the United States).〔"FindLaw | Cases and Codes." FindLaw | Cases and Codes. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=260&invol=178〕 Thus he could not be naturalized, under the current laws, in 1922. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Naturalization Act of 1906」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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